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The costs of oral and injectable brand-name drugs increased from 2008 to 2016

Increase in Brand-Name Drug Cost Mainly Due to Existing Drugs

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Rising costs of oral, injectable generic and specialty drugs mostly driven by new product entry
Children receiving invasive mechanical ventilation for ≥48 hours often experience muscle atrophy

Muscle Atrophy Occurs Rapidly in Critically Ill, Ventilated Children

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47 percent of cohort experienced ≥11 percent decrease in diaphragm thickness after six days
The overall cancer death rate decreased continuously by 27 percent from 1991 to 2016

Cancer Death Rate in U.S. Decreased Continuously From 1991 to 2016

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Socioeconomic inequalities are widening, but racial gap in cancer mortality narrowing slowly
Eliminating the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate penalty is unlikely to destabilize the individual market in California but could roll back coverage gains

ACA Coverage Gains Could Erode Without Individual Mandate

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However, individual market in California not expected to destabilize because of mandate penalty
Strict local tobacco retail licensing regulation may lower rates of cigarette and electronic cigarette use among youth and young adults

Strict Ordinances Tied to Lower Youth Tobacco Use

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Jurisdictions with most restrictive ordinances had lowest odds of ever cigarette use, past 30-day use
For extremely preterm infants

Single-Family Rooms May Benefit Very Preterm Infants

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Reduced sepsis, increased breastfeeding rates observed; no difference in neurodevelopment vs. open bay units
Most emergency visits by children occur at nonpediatric emergency departments

Antibiotics Prescribed for Children More Often at Nonpediatric EDs

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Frequency of guideline-concordant prescribing for respiratory conditions lower at nonpediatric EDs
From 1997 through 2016

Medical Marketing Has Increased in Past 20 Years

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Considerable increase seen from 1997 through 2016, especially in direct-to-consumer advertising
The costs of having two noncommunicable diseases is generally superadditive

Costs Higher for Those With Comorbid Noncommunicable Diseases

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Health expenditure greater for person with two diseases simultaneously than for the diseases separately
Survivors of childhood Hodgkin lymphoma remain at increased risk for developing subsequent malignant neoplasms

Childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma Survivors at Risk for Later Cancers

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Survivors have 14-fold increased risk for developing a solid subsequent malignant neoplasm